(A) Mean error for uncued objects and objects cued with/without arousal. Error bars represent the SEM for postsleep error minus presleep error within subjects. (B) Forgetting ratio for these three conditions. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean across participants. Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed t-test. On average, 50.6% of cues caused arousal (SEM = 2.5%, range = 21.5%–76.0% across participants). (C) An example of an arousal trial (left) and a nonarousal trial (right). The green line indicates the onset of sound presentation. While both trials contain sleep spindles and K complexes, the arousal trial shows a long-lasting spectral perturbation indicative of arousal.
