Illustration of experimental procedure, with mean duration for each phase. Participants learned locations of 75 objects paired with sounds on a Perlin noise background. Bioelectric recording setup was next (not shown; mean time 29.1 min, SEM = 1.4 min). Participants then took a memory test where they moved objects (illustrated here by white arrow and X) from the center to the correct location. Following memory testing, participants slept while object sounds were presented in N2 and N3 sleep. Following sleep, participants performed a second memory test, identical to the first. Finally, we played each of the 75 sounds, and participants indicated whether they had heard each sound during sleep. Teapot image is from Brodeur et al. (2010) under a Creative Commons license.
