Integration of conditioned threat with pre-existing memories

Mean pupil dilation to PS⁻ and PS⁺ during test at day 3 as estimated by the multilevel regression. Panel A shows the main effect of PS condition on pupil dilation. PS⁺, which are indirectly predictive of aversive stimuli, evoke significantly more pupil dilation than PS⁻. This effect was independent of B, whether the declarative association between PS and CS was remembered on the day of testing, and C, the magnitude of the directly conditioned response evoked by the intermediary CS. Error bars and shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between conditions (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001).