Safety signals reinforce instrumental avoidance in humans

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Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Results from Experiment 2 comparing avoidance responses to obtain a response-produced safety signal relative to avoidance responding to obtain a new signal which only differs in color. (A) Training data depicting avoidance responses to the CSs+ and CSs−. Each block contains three trials. Participants made more responses to the CSs+ across blocks compared to the CSs−. (B) Test data comparing avoidance responses to Gabor that was followed by the trained signal versus responses to the new signal. Participants made a similar number of avoidance responses to obtain the trained safety signal and the new signal. Error bars depict standard error of the mean.

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