Omitting the first test improves the detectability of memory for the first training phase. The larvae were trained and tested as in Figure 2C, except that the first test was omitted. (A,B) The larvae received three cycles of either paired odor–reward training or unpaired presentations of the odor and the reward, followed without testing by a 7 min waiting period and then a test for their odor preference, which for these animals is their first test (Test). Appetitive associative memory was revealed both by higher odor preferences in the paired than in the unpaired group (A), and by significantly positive PI (B). Sample sizes are given within the figure. * refers to MWU comparisons between groups (A), # refers to OSS comparisons to chance levels, that is, to zero (B) (*,# P < 0.05 corrected according to Bonferroni-Holm). Other details as in Figures 1, 2.
