Short- and long-term memories formed upon backward conditioning in honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Inhibitory properties of the CS are long-lasting. (A) Schematic overview of the experiment. Bees were treated with three backward trials (BW_ISI2) or were kept untreated (Naive). (B) Twenty-four hours later, bees from the BW_ISI2 group (black) and from the Naive group (white) were conditioned with two forward trials (first acquisition trial a1 and second acquisition trial a2) using the same CS (clove oil) as in backward conditioning. (*) P < 0.05.