Composition of hierarchies used in phases 1–3. Familiar items surrounded by square boxes indicate those that have been seen before in a previous phase. Novel items are shown unboxed. Very familiar items (i.e., items in the Group II phase 3 hierarchy seen in both phases 1 and 2) are shown enclosed in bold square boxes. Specifically, the phase 2 FAMILIAR hierarchy comprised five items (i.e., A, C, E, G, I) that had been previously part of the phase 1 hierarchy (i.e., in the B–F positions). In phase 3, hierarchy composition varied according to participant group: In Group I, five of the items (i.e., A, C, E, G, I) in the phase 3 hierarchy were derived from the NEW hierarchy in phase 2 (i.e., the B, C, D, E, F items, respectively). In Group II, five of the items (i.e., A, C, E, G, I) were derived from the FAMILIAR hierarchy in phase 2 (i.e., the A, C, E, G, I items, respectively). For both groups, the other four items (i.e., B, D, F, H) were novel and had not been previously experienced (see Materials and Methods for details). Note that the letter labels (e.g., “A”) denote ordinal positions, and are shown purely for explanatory purposes—these labels were never shown to participants. Note also that items are depicted in grayscale, but were presented in color.
